Objective(s): It is believed that frequent use of Interne might be harmful for health. The Internet Addiction Test (IAT) is one of the most practical tools for diagnosing Internet addiction. The aim of the present study was to investigate validation of the Persian version of the questionnaire using Differential Item Functioning (DIF) analysis. DIF evaluates how people in different subgroups comprehend the same questionnaire item. Methods: A cross section study on a sample of 317 students of Mashhad University of Medical was conducted. To collect data, the Internet Addiction Questionnaire and demographic information and Behavioral Features Checklist were administered. Multiple Indicator Multiple Causal Model ((MIMIC)) and Multiple Group Multiple Indicator Multiple Causal Model (MG(MIMIC)) were used to investigate the differentiating of items. Results: The mean score of the IAT questionnaire was 40. 92± 11. 70, which based on the cut-off point of 46, 29. 5% of students were addicted to the Internet. The results of the (MIMIC) Models indicated that there was no difference in each of the IAT questionnaire items. Also, considering the grouping structure did not have much effect on identifying DIF, because the results of the MG-(MIMIC) Model were almost the same as the (MIMIC) Model. Conclusion: Due to the lack of significant DIF in IAT questions and having measurement invariance this study can be considered as empirical support for the IAT questionnaire as a valid and structurally stable tool.

Purpose of the present study is to estimate the fiscal illusion index, using Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes ((MIMIC)) Model, using longitudinal data during the period of 2001 to 2021, for 31 provinces of Iran country. The results indicate that the most important Causal variables of fiscal illusion index are educational costs and tax burden (with a negative effect) and economic participation rate (with a positive effect), and the most important Indicators of fiscal illusion were Herfindahl index (with a negative coefficient), budget deficit, inflation rate, indirect tax ratio, real effective exchange rate and Oil revenue (with a positive coefficient) (and all are statistically significant). Also, the results showed that the average value of the estimated fiscal illusion index, among of the provinces, the lowest average value belongs to Khorasan Shomali and the highest value belongs to Khozestan province. Furthermore, the lowest average value of fiscal illusion index in the country level belongs to 2001 & 2002 and the highest is in 2021.

Purpose: To report a patient with MEWDS.Patient and findings: A 65-year-old man presented with sudden decrease of vision in his right eye. On ophthalmoscopy of the involved eye, numerous small discrete white lesions were detected superficially and deep in the retina around the disc and macula. On visual field examination, enlargement of the blind spot was detected. Fluorescein angiography was unremarkable. On electroretinography, the a-wave was decreased minimally. The patient was followed and after 2 months, significant improvement of visual acuity and visual field was observed.Conclusion: MEWDS is a rare intraocular inflammatory disease of unknown etiology and in contrast to our patient, more frequent in females. The natural course is generally benign with spontaneous disappearance of the lesions and improvement of vision in 6 to 8 weeks.

Objective(s): Currently there are various methods to analyze Differential Item Functioning(DIF) and to evaluate the similarity of people's understanding of a questionnaire’s items in different subgroups, among them are the Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Model (MG-CFA) and the Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes ((MIMIC)). The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the perception of adult women and men of the rural population of Iran on Health Literacy Instrument for Adults (HELIA). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a sample of 5675 adults from East Azarbaijan, Khorasan Razavi, Sistan and Baluchistan, Mazandaran, and Fars provinces was selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling technique. Confirmatory factor analysis and evaluation of equivalence of measurement based on gender using (MIMIC) and MG-CFA methods for the HELIA has been done using M-plus and AMOS software. Results: The overall mean (SD) score of the HELIA was at a low level (59.64±22.85). The mean score did not show a significant difference in men and women (p=0.624). The overall mean score of the HELIA was significantly higher in people with university education, employed, and unmarried people (P<0.001). The results of the MG-CFA Model fitting indicated the presence of DIF in items 10, 22, 28, and 29, and the (MIMIC) Model fitting indicates the presence of DIF in items 1, 4, 26, and 27 of the questionnaire. Conclusion: By highlighting gender differences in the understanding of HELIA items, our findings emphasize the need for culturally appropriate approaches to assess health literacy and develop targeted interventions to promote health literacy among rural communities in Iran.

Tax evasion is one of the main characteristics of the informal economy. Today it is considered a major challenge for countries and an important problem for tax systems. This study tries to estimate the tax evasion in Iran using by Multiple-cause-Multiple causes ((MIMIC)) method, and investigate its main causes and effects during the period of 1979-2015. The results oftax evasion time series show that despite some fluctuations, the tax evasion in Iran has been generally increasing over the period, it has moved up from 12. 6% of GDP in 1357 to 33. 11% of GDP in 1394. The results also indicate that inflation, tax burden, per capita income and official exchange rate have a significant positive effect on tax evasion, and the economic openness index, government size and unemployment rate have a negative effect on it. According to the findings, per capita income has the most significant impact on the tax evasion andon the other hand, tax evasion hasthe most impact on the growth of money demand.

Introduction: Myocardial bridging is a congenital condition in which a segment of a major epicardial coronary artery has an intra myocardial route. Myocardial bridging is usually confined to a single vessel and is typically the mid segment of the left anterior descending artery. Bridging may be associated with chest pain, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death, or usually asymptomatic.Case Report: A 59 year-old women with diabetes mellitus and hypertension presented with dyspnea and chest pain on exercise. Physical exam, electrocardiography and echocardiography were intact. In angiography, we found severe stenosis of left main coronary artery and severe stenosis of three coronary artery (Three Vessel Disease) as well as Multiple myocardial bridges at the end of right coronary artery.Conclusion: Myocardial bridging is a rave condition, however, it be considered in patients facing recurrent chest pain, it has severe complication such as sudden cardiac death.

Purpose: To report a case of severe macular edema following the taking of fingolimod in Multiple sclerosis.Case Report: A 34-year-old woman with a long history of relapsing-remitting Multiple sclerosis presented complaining of blurred vision in the left eye that started 1 week before the presentation. She had been taking fingolimod for 4 months. She was not diabetic and had no history of uveitis but reported an episode of retrobulbar optic neuritis in both eyes. The initial ophthalmic examination, which was performed 2 weeks before initiating fingolimod, revealed a best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20.25 OU and no ocular abnormalities. Upon the recent presentation, BCVA was 20.25 OD and 20.70 OS and there was no afferentpapillary defect. The examination of anterior segment and anterior vitreous was unremarkable. Retinal examination of the left eye revealed cystoid macular edema with no other inflammatory signs or vascular changes. The findings of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) were compatible with macular edema and indicated that the central macular thickness (CMT) was 605 microns. Fingolimod was discontinued and sinarolac was started three times daily. After 6 weeks, BCVA was 20.25 OD and 20.30 OS.Macular edema was resolved clinically and SD-OCT exhibited a significant reduction in macular edema with a CMT of 277 microns.Conclusion: Fingolimod-associated macular edema is a benign complication of the drug used for Multiple sclerosis and. This complication responds well to the drug discontinuation and topical non-steroidal antiinflammatory administration.